The significance of the gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease has been discussed for several years. The gut microbiota is the collection of microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal mucosa (mainly the intestinal mucosa) and constitute an integral part of the human body. Currently, the gut microbiota is considered to be a ‘super organ’ performing many functions in the human body: it is responsible for the development and functioning of the immune system, particularly the innate immunity, development of the intestinal epithelial barrier, induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines, production of vitamins (mainly B group vitamins and vitamin K), digestion and absorption of nutrients (including fat and cholesterol), and metabolism of many compounds, including bile acids and cholesterol (Valdes et al. 2018). Thus, the gut microbiota can regulate the serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL-cholesterol., i.e. the main serum determinants of cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention strategies are determined based on cardiovascular risk assessment. The management strategy for patients at high-to-very high cardiovascular risk has been precisely defined, and requires immediate pharmacological treatment. Medical treatment decisions for the low- and moderate-risk groups require, first and foremost, an assessment of the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions and consideration of a number of additional factors affecting the risk level. Such decisions may depend on modifications of the gut microbiota composition achieved by changing dietary habits, increasing physical activity, and modifying a number of other aspects of lifestyle, as well as oral probiotic supplementation. The results of double-blind randomized controlled studies indicate that selected oral probiotic strains may modify the serum levels of individual lipid fractions, including LDL- and total cholesterol (Gadelha and Bezerra, 2019). The species proven to exert beneficial effects on the lipid profile include Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus coagulans (Costabile et al. 2017, Fuentes et al. 2013, Majeed et al. 2016).